加州刚刚通过了一系列新的枪支管制措施，扩大了危险信号法并收紧了销售

       加利福尼亚州州长加文·纽瑟姆（Gavin Newsom）周五签署了一项全面的新枪支法案，成为法律。该州枪法的改革是在7月举行的吉尔罗伊大蒜节上发生枪击事件之后进行的，枪击事件造成包括肇事者在内的四人死亡。

       新法律扩大了该州对枪支暴力限制令的使用，更加严格地管制了枪支零件并限制了半自动武器的销售。

       纽瑟姆在一份签字声明中说：“枪支暴力在这个国家是一种流行病，华盛顿政客们的不作为使这种情况更加激化了。” “尽管华盛顿甚至拒绝对最基本的枪支安全改革采取行动，但加利福尼亚再次引领美国通过了有意义的枪支安全改革。”

       美国最大的枪支权利组织国家步枪协会（National Rifle Association）迅速谴责此举，认为这是“对我们在金州的第二修正案权利的侵犯”。

       由加州女议员雅克·欧文（Jacqui Irwin）赞助的一项法案将保护令的有效期限从一年延长到了五年。这意味着，如果“明确且有说服力的证据”表明该武器将用于造成伤害，那么根据加利福尼亚州法律，法官可以命令没收居民枪支长达五年。

       受到命令的居民如果认为反对他们的证据不再“清晰而令人信服”，则可以在命令生效期间每年一次请求法院提早终止合同。

       这些命令的合宪性，通常被称为“红旗”法律，尚未得到牢固确立。在法庭上对他们提出异议的场合，暂时没收枪支的法律在司法审查中普遍幸免。佛罗里达州一家上诉法院最近维持了该州关于宪法挑战的危险信号法，部分原因是由于该法的没收期限“不得超过十二个月”，因此尊重了正当程序权利。

       但是，加利福尼亚州的新法律是该州限制性最强的法律之一，比佛罗里达州或其他大多数带有危险标志法律的州的没收时间更长。

       由州长签署的另一项法案扩大了可能请愿的人名单。目前，只有警察和家庭成员可以，但不久之后，教师，雇员，雇主和同事也将能够寻求暂时没收枪支。

       该州还颁布了新的法规，以严格管制可用于组装成品武器的枪支前体零件，例如接收器。联邦政府对前体的管制远少于整枪，而且人们越来越担心，随着DIY技术的发展，那些希望逃避联邦监督的人可能会转向不受管制的前体来制造自己的武器。

       确实，所谓的“鬼枪”（缺乏序列号并且是在监管框架范围之外生产的武器）的扩散已经开始引起执法人员的担忧。追踪 报告指出，加利福尼亚州联邦特工回收的枪支中多达30％没有序列号，这表明它们可能是由无牌制造商使用前体制造的。

       加利福尼亚州的法律旨在通过要求通过授权供应商进行前体销售来限制对前体的便捷使用，而前体可用于制造幽灵枪。

       纽瑟姆签署的另一项重大改革措施之一是，将国家每月一次的单枪规则应用于半自动中心火步枪。支持这些法律的人认为，它们可以有效地遏制枪支贩运。1996年，《美国医学协会杂志》上的一项研究发现，在州有限购买手枪之前，比在购买枪支之前，更容易获得起源于弗吉尼亚州的涉嫌刑事调查的枪支。在东北走廊，其中非法枪支往往是从南方走私沿臭名昭著的钢铁管道，极限后弗吉尼亚枪刑事调查堆焊的份额仅为什么是成立的极限在上半场结束前，研究人员发现。

       但是，诸如NRA之类的批评家认为，国家所达到的许多枪支管制措施通常都是面子保护性手势，不能保证安全。例如，一项新措施将要求州长办公室描述“包装枪支以包含关于预防自杀的警告声明”。

       NRA争辩说：“这些新法律堆积在数百条现有法律上，并且与其他法律一样，也会被罪犯无视。” “ [我们]在探索针对这些新法律的进一步行动时不会退缩。”

 

CALIFORNIA JUST PASSED A SLATE OF NEW GUN CONTROL MEASURES, EXPANDING RED FLAG LAWS AND TIGHTENING SALES

       California Governor Gavin Newsom signed a sweeping package of new gun legislation into law Friday. The reforms to the state's gun laws come in the wake of a mass shooting at the Gilroy Garlic Festival in July that left four dead, including the perpetrator.

       The new laws expand on the state's use of gun violence restraining orders, more tightly regulate firearm parts and restrict sales of semi-automatic weapons.

       "Gun violence is an epidemic in this country, one that's been enflamed by the inaction of politicians in Washington," Newsom said in a signing statement. "While Washington has refused to act on even the most basic gun safety reforms, California is once again leading the nation in passing meaningful gun safety reforms."

       The National Rifle Association, the country's largest gun-rights organization, quickly condemned the move as an "assault on our Second Amendment rights in the Golden State."

       One bill sponsored by California Assemblywoman Jacqui Irwin expands the maximum length of time a protective order can remain in effect from one year to five. This means that a judge under California law can order the confiscation of a resident's firearm for up to five years if "clear and convincing evidence" shows that the weapon will be used to cause injury.

       Residents subject to an order may petition the court for its early termination once a year while the order is in effect if they believe the evidence against them is no longer "clear and convincing."

       The constitutionality of these orders, commonly known as "red flag" laws, has not been firmly established. On the occasions where they have been challenged court, temporary gun confiscation laws have generally survived judicial scrutiny. A Florida appeals court recently upheld the state's red flag law over constitutional challenges, in part because due process rights were respected owing to the law's duration of confiscation that "may not exceed twelve months."

       However, California's new law is among the most restrictive in the country, allowing for much lengthier confiscation periods than does Florida or most other states with red flag laws.

       Another bill signed by the governor expands the list of people who may petition for a red flag order. Currently, only police officers and family members may, but soon teachers, employees, employers and coworkers will also be able to seek temporary firearm confiscation.

       The state also enacted new legislation to tightly regulate firearm precursor parts, such as receivers, that can be used to assemble finished weapons. Precursors are substantially less regulated by the federal government than complete guns, and concerns have mounted that as DIY technologies develop, those who wish to evade federal oversight may turn to unregulated precursors to construct their own weapons.

       Indeed, the proliferation of so-called "ghost guns" —weapons that lack a serial number and are made outside the auspices of the regulatory framework—has begun to worry law enforcement. The Trace has reported that up to 30 percent of guns recovered by federal agents in California lack a serial number, suggesting they may have been constructed by an unlicensed manufacturer using precursors.

       California's law aims to clamp down on easy access to precursors, which could be used to create ghost guns, by requiring that precursor sales be conducted through a licensed vendor.

       One of the other prominent reforms that Newsom signed will apply the state's one-handgun-a-month rule to semi-automatic centerfire rifles. Proponents of such laws argue that they can be effective in deterring firearms trafficking. One 1996 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that guns originating in Virginia involved in criminal investigations were far more likely to have been acquired before the state limited handgun purchases than after. Over the Northeast corridor—where illicit firearms are often smuggled from the South along the notorious Iron Pipeline—the post-limit share of Virginia guns surfacing in criminal probes was just half of what it was before the limit was established, the researchers found.

       But critics such as the NRA contend that many of the gun control measures states reach for are often face-saving gestures that won't guarantee safety. One novel measure, for example, would require "packaging for firearms to contain a warning statement on suicide prevention," as described by the governor's office.

       "These new laws pile onto the hundreds of existing laws and, like the others, will be equally ignored by criminals," the NRA argued. "[We] will not back down while we explore further action on these new laws."