这硅谷银行的倒闭在前总统的领导下正在实施放松管制的改革唐纳德·特朗普回到聚光灯下。
上周，美国第16大银行突然内爆，导致华盛顿迅速指责。
总统乔·拜登许多进步的民主党人部分归咎于2018年的一项法律，该法律撤销了多德-弗兰克法案(Dodd-Frank Act)的一些内容，这是2008年金融危机后通过的一系列联邦法规。另一方面，共和党人谴责银行所谓的“觉醒”行为以及政府支出和通货膨胀是罪魁祸首。
尽管关于该银行的垮台还有更多要了解的，几位专家告诉ABC新闻，这是监管和监督的失败。
布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)高级研究员艾伦·克莱恩(Aaron Klein)表示:“美联储完全错过了硅谷银行的主要经典危险信号。
美国广播公司新闻的最新报道
随着政治余波的继续，以下是你需要知道的。
什么是多德-弗兰克法案?
为了应对大萧条以来最严重的经济衰退，国会在2010年通过了一项庞大的法律，对联邦金融监管进行了全面改革。
其主要条款之一是将任何资产超过500亿美元的银行指定为“具有系统重要性”的金融机构，即“太大而不能倒”的金融机构，因此要遵守强化的审慎标准，如“压力测试”和某些资本规划和流动性要求。
“多德-弗兰克法案极大地授权美联储更有力地监管银行，包括那些它不是直接银行监管者的银行，”克莱恩说。
特朗普做了什么?
多德-弗兰克法案遭到了业内人士的反对，他们认为这些规定很繁琐，而且只对最大的银行有必要。硅谷银行首席执行官格雷戈里·贝克尔是呼吁放松监管的人之一。
在多年的政治压力下，国会通过了一项法律，取消了一些针对中小银行的规定。
2018年5月24日，唐纳德·特朗普总统在华盛顿与政府官员和国会议员签署了S. 2155《经济增长、监管救济和消费者保护法》。
安德鲁·哈勒/彭博
其中最大的变化是将“系统重要性”机构的资产门槛从500亿美元提高到2500亿美元。根据这项法律，美联储仍然有权对资产至少1000亿美元的银行实施多德-弗兰克法案，如果它们愿意的话。
特朗普于2018年5月将其签署为法律，称其为“我们国家的大事”。推动修改多德-弗兰克法案的努力分裂了民主党，最终十几名参议院民主党人加入了共和党，支持解除监管。
“它减少了压力测试，减少了抵押品计算，减少了监管压力测试，并使他们能够不公开进行或报告自己的公司运行的压力测试，”总裁丹尼斯·凯勒赫说非营利组织Better Markets的首席执行官谈到2018年的法律时说。"它在几个关键的金融稳定保护规则上打了一个洞."
在SVB崩溃之际，关于2018年法律的辩论激烈进行
包括民主党参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦和独立参议员伯尼·桑德斯在内的批评人士说，该法对监管的软化导致了硅谷银行的灭亡。
美国广播公司新闻的最新报道
《多德-弗兰克法案》的共同作者、最近被关闭的Signature Bank的董事会成员、民主党众议员巴尼·弗兰克(Barney Frank)告诉彭博，他认为2018年的变化没有影响。特朗普也为其辩护，声称银行正在被监管“生吞活剥”。
一些支持该法律的民主党人正在为其辩护。参议员马克·华纳告诉“本周”周日，他认为它“对中型银行实施了适当程度的监管。”蒂姆·凯恩说，地区和社区银行当时“确实需要”救助，而且“应该等到对原因进行分析后再寻找解决方案”
在辩论中，专家告诉美国广播公司新闻压力测试和其他金融安全要求可能早些时候就发现了该机构的问题，但美联储监管机构应该已经看到了警告信号。
“这是监督的失败...SVB会议上出现的危险信号，你不需要提高审慎标准来捕捉，”Klein说。
这些担忧包括该行爆炸性的资产增长、对无保险存款的依赖以及高利率对其长期债券的影响。
杜克大学(Duke University)法学教授、美联银行(Wachovia)前高管劳伦斯·巴克斯特(Lawrence Baxter)在谈到2018年的法律时表示，“这些放松监管的改革很可能导致了更宽松的监管，而不是更严格的监管。”。“话虽如此，我认为监管者并没有完全摆脱困境，因为当他们观察到快速恶化时，他们仍有权力采取行动。我们必须找出他们为什么没有这样做。”
下一步是什么?
拜登周一在谈到银行系统时特别提到了特朗普时代的倒退，誓言要努力加强监管。
“我将要求国会和银行监管机构加强对银行的监管，以减少这种银行倒闭事件再次发生的可能性，并保护美国的就业和小企业，”总统说。
沃伦和众议员凯蒂·波特(Katie Porter)已经公布了废除2018年回滚的立法。
到目前为止，共和党人还没有表现出对修改法律的兴趣。众议院金融服务委员会主席、北卡罗莱纳州共和党众议员帕特里克·麦克亨利表示，他“对我们的金融监管机构和已经到位的保护措施有信心，以确保我们金融体系的安全和稳健。”参议院银行委员会(Senate Banking Committee)爱达荷州共和党参议员迈克·克拉波(Mike Crapo)告诉福克斯新闻频道，“我们制定的多德-弗兰克(Dodd-Frank)改革中没有任何一项对这场危机有所帮助。”
与此同时，两位知情人士向ABC新闻证实，司法部和证券交易委员会正在调查这家硅谷银行的倒闭。美联储董事会也在审查对该银行的监督和监管，这将于5月1日公布。
What to know about the Trump-era rollback of bank rules and Silicon Valley Bank's demise
Thecollapse of Silicon Valley Bankis putting deregulatory reforms implemented under former PresidentDonald Trumpback in the spotlight.
The abrupt implosion of the country's 16th-largest bank last week resulted in swift finger-pointing in Washington.
PresidentJoe Bidenand many progressive Democrats have blamed, in part, a 2018 law that rolled back some of the Dodd-Frank Act -- a series of federal regulations passed in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. Republicans, on the other hand, are decrying so-called "woke" practices at the bank as well as government spending and inflation as the culprits.
Though there's more to learn about the bank's downfall, several experts told ABC News it was a failure of regulation and supervision.
"The Federal Reserve completely missed major classic red flags at Silicon Valley Bank," said Aaron Klein, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
Recent Stories from ABC News
Here's what you need to know as the political fallout continues.
What is the Dodd-Frank Act?
In response to the worst recession since the Great Depression, Congress passed a sprawling law in 2010 overhauling federal financial regulation.
One of its major provisions was designating any bank with more than $50 billion in assets a "systemically important" financial institution -- or "too big to fail" -- and thus subject to enhanced prudential standards, such as "stress tests" and certain capital planning and liquidity requirements.
"Dodd-Frank massively empowered the Federal Reserve to more forcefully regulate banks, including those where it wasn't the direct bank regulator," Klein said.
What did Trump do?
The Dodd-Frank Act was met with animosity from the industry, which argued the regulations were burdensome and only necessary for the largest banks. Silicon Valley Bank's CEO Gregory Becker was among those calling for lighter regulations.
After years of political pressure, Congress passed a law that rolled back some of those rules for smaller and mid-tier banks.
Among the biggest changes was raising the asset threshold for "systemically important" institutions from $50 billion to $250 billion. Under the law, the Federal Reserve still had the right to apply the Dodd-Frank regulations to banks with at least $100 billion in assets if they chose to do so.
Trump signed it into law in May 2018, calling it "big deal for our country." The push to alter Dodd-Frank split the Democratic Party, and ultimately more than a dozen Senate Democrats joined Republicans to support the deregulations.
"It reduced stress testing, it reduced collateral calculations, it reduced the supervisory stress test and it enabled them not to publicly conduct or report their own company-run stress tests," Dennis Kelleher, the president& CEO of the nonprofit Better Markets, said of the 2018 law. "It blew a hole in several of the key financial stability protection rules."
Debate rages over 2018 law amid SVB's collapse
Critics, including Democratic Sen. Elizabeth Warren and independent Sen. Bernie Sanders, have said the law's softening of regulations contributed to Silicon Valley Bank's demise.
Recent Stories from ABC News
Democratic Rep. Barney Frank, co-author of the Dodd-Frank Act and a board member of the recently shutdown Signature Bank, told Bloomberg he didn't think the 2018 changes had an impact. Trump, too, defended it, claiming banks were getting "eaten alive" by regulations.
And some Democrats who backed the law are defending it. Sen. Mark Warnertold "This Week"on Sunday he thought it "put in place an appropriate level of regulation on mid-sized banks." Sen. Tim Kaine said regional and community banks "really needed" the relief at the time, and that "solutions should wait until there's an analysis of causes."
Amid the debate, experts told ABC News stress tests and other financial-safety requirements may have caught problems at the institution earlier but there were warning signs Federal Reserve supervisors should've seen regardless.
"This was a failure of supervision ... the red flags that were going on at SVB, you didn't need enhanced prudential standards to catch that," Klein said.
Those concerns included the bank's explosive asset growth, its reliance on uninsured deposits and the impact of high interest rates on its long-term bonds.
"Those deregulatory reforms may well have contributed to laxer rather than stricter oversight," Lawrence Baxter, a law professor at Duke University and former executive at Wachovia, said of the 2018 law. "Having said that, I don't think the regulators are entirely off the hook because they still have power to take action when they observe rapid deterioration. And we'll have to find out why they didn't."
What's next?
Biden on Monday specifically cited the Trump-era rollbacks as he addressed the banking system, vowing to work for more regulation.
"I'm going to ask Congress and the banking regulators to strengthen the rules for banks to make it less likely that this kind of bank failure will happen again and to protect American jobs and small businesses," the president said.
Warren and Rep. Katie Porter, D-Calif., have already unveiled legislation to repeal the 2018 rollbacks.
Republicans, so far, have expressed no interest in revisiting the law. Rep. Patrick McHenry, a North Carolina Republican who chairs the House Financial Services Committee, said he has "confidence in our financial regulators and the protections already in place to ensure the safety and soundness of our financial system." Sen. Mike Crapo, an Idaho Republican on the Senate Banking Committee, told Fox News that "nothing in the Dodd-Frank reforms we put together did anything with regard to this crisis."
Meanwhile, the Justice Department and Securities and Exchange Commission are investigating the Silicon Valley Bank's collapse, two people familiar with the situation confirmed to ABC News. The Federal Reserve Board is also reviewing the supervision and regulation of the bank, which is set to be released by May 1.
