关税威胁当选总统唐纳德·特朗普本周发出的声音传遍了全球股市触发的美国零售业高管对价格上涨风险的警告。
前总统乔治·w·布什祝贺特朗普在选举后一天，没有对特朗普的言论发表评论，以保持低调的公开姿态。然而，就在2021年，布什批评了贸易壁垒，感叹特朗普领导下的共和党是“孤立主义者、保护主义者”。
特朗普对关税的支持和对全球贸易的怀疑不同于过去四十年来的共和党总统。
罗纳德·里根(Ronald Reagan)、乔治·w·布什(George W. Bush)和他的父亲乔治H.W布什(George H.W. Bush)总统都推崇自由贸易，尽管在某些情况下，他们提出了类似于特朗普保护主义提议的政策。
“特朗普不是在谈论自由贸易，”约翰·霍普金斯大学应用经济学教授史蒂夫·汉克说，他曾是里根政府经济顾问委员会的高级经济学家。“特朗普的说辞完全不同。”
在回应美国广播公司新闻的置评请求时，特朗普过渡团队表示，他的关税计划将提振美国经济。
“特朗普总统在第一个任期内对以下产品征收关税中国这创造了就业机会，刺激了投资，并且没有导致通货膨胀。特朗普总统将迅速修复和恢复经济，通过重新支撑美国就业岗位，降低通胀，提高实际工资，降低税收，削减监管，解除美国能源的束缚，让美国工人就业，”特朗普过渡发言人卡罗琳·莱维特说。
特朗普周一晚些时候说他将对墨西哥和加拿大所有进入美国的产品征收25%的关税，直到这两个国家采取行动阻止非法移民和毒品越过边境。
对于中国，特朗普表示，他将对进入美国的产品额外征收10%的关税。
贸易敌意的声明呼应了特朗普在竞选活动中做出的誓言。
特朗普10月在芝加哥经济俱乐部发表讲话时表示呼叫“关税”是“字典中最美的词”
特朗普说，高达2000%的关税将保护美国的关键产业，如汽车制造业。特朗普补充说，在没有关税的情况下，“这将是密歇根州的末日。”
对保护主义政策的有利语气与特朗普的共和党前任的言论形成了鲜明对比。
里根曾在上世纪80年代冷战后期任职，他将自由贸易作为对抗国外独裁对手和国内煽动者的武器。
“我们和平的贸易伙伴不是我们的敌人;他们是我们的盟友，”当时的总统罗纳德·里根说1988年，与加拿大签署自由贸易协定后。
“我们应该提防那些准备对我们的朋友发动贸易战的煽动者——削弱我们的经济、我们的国家安全和整个自由世界——同时玩世不恭地挥舞着美国国旗，”里根补充说。
老布什曾担任里根的副总统，他对贸易采取了类似的态度。
作为总统，乔治H.W布什寻求改善与中国的贸易关系，他帮助建立了世界贸易组织，这是一个旨在通过一套共同的法规促进全球贸易的国际机构。
20世纪90年代初，布什谈判了北美自由贸易协定，即美国、墨西哥和加拿大之间的贸易协定。
布什说:“美洲自由贸易的时代已经到来。”说在1992年12月的北美自由贸易协定推广仪式上。
“本世纪极权主义和民主之间的史诗般的斗争已经结束。它死了。民主占了上风，”他补充道。“今天，我们看到一场希望和勇气的革命正在世界各地展开，这场革命是由普通人对自由和更美好生活的渴望推动的。”
该协议在布什的继任者民主党人比尔·克林顿总统任内获得批准。
在2016年的第一次总统竞选中，特朗普尖锐批评了北美自由贸易协定，该协定因允许制造商将工厂迁至国外并解雇美国工人而受到批评。
在2016年总统大选前几周，特朗普将北美自由贸易协定描述为“这个国家有史以来批准的最糟糕的贸易协议”。
像里根和他的父亲一样，小布什在任时也表示支持自由贸易。从那以后，他继续支持全球贸易，反对贸易壁垒。
“自第二次世界大战以来，美国鼓励并受益于全球自由市场的发展，受益于民主联盟的力量，受益于自由社会的进步，”乔治·w·布什说说2017年。
“自由国家不太可能互相威胁和争斗。自由贸易帮助美国成为全球经济强国，”乔治·w·布什补充说。
尽管特朗普的前任在共和党内言辞激烈，但他们本周提出了一些与他的提议相似的政策。
里根对日本摩托车征收45%的关税，对一些日本电子产品征收100%的关税，试图对抗该国的经济崛起，支持国内工业。里根还对进口日本车的允许数量设定了年度配额。
前里根政府经济学家汉克在接受美国广播公司采访时表示:“言辞和现实之间存在巨大差距。”。
就乔治·w·布什而言，他试图通过对一些钢铁进口征收关税来保护美国钢铁工业。面对世界贸易组织的抵制和其他国家的报复威胁，他在18个月后取消了关税。
What have past Republican presidents said about tariffs?
Tariffthreatsvoiced by President-elect Donald Trump this week rippled through global stocks andtriggeredwarnings from U.S. retail executives about the risk of higher prices.
Former President George W. Bush, whocongratulatedTrump a day after the election, has not commented on Trump's remarks, in keeping with a low public profile. As recently as 2021, however, Bush criticized trade barriers, lamenting the GOP under Trump as "isolationist, protectionist."
Trump's support for tariffs and skepticism toward global trade departs from previous Republican presidents spanning the past four decades.
Presidents Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and his father, George H.W. Bush, each venerated free trade, though in some cases they put forward policies similar to Trump's protectionist proposals.
"Trump is not talking about free trade," Steve Hanke, a professor of applied economics at Johns Hopkins University and a former senior economist on the Council of Economic Advisers under Reagan. "Trump's rhetoric is completely different."
In response to ABC News' request for comment, the Trump transition team said his tariff plans would boost the U.S. economy.
"In his first term, President Trump institutedtariffsagainstChinathat created jobs, spurred investment, and resulted in no inflation. President Trump will work quickly to fix and restore an economy that puts American workers by re-shoring American jobs, lowering inflation, raising real wages, lowering taxes, cutting regulations, and unshackling American energy," Trump transition spokesperson Karoline Leavitt said.
Trump late Mondaysaidhe would charge Mexico and Canada with a 25% tariff on all products coming into the United States until action is taken by those countries to stem illegal immigration and the overflow of drugs across the border.
For China, Trump said that he'd impose an additional 10% tariff on products coming to the U.S.
The declarations of trade hostility echoed vows made by Trump on the campaign trail.
Speaking at the Economic Club of Chicago in October, Trumpcalled"tariff" the "most most beautiful word in the dictionary."
Tariffs as high as 2,000%, would safeguard key U.S. industries, such as auto manufacturing, Trump said. In the absence of tariffs, Trump added, it's "going to be the end of Michigan."
The favorable tone toward protectionist policies contrasts with rhetoric voiced by Trump's Republican predecessors.
Reagan, who served in the latter years of the Cold War in the 1980s, invoked free trade as a weapon in the fight against authoritarian adversaries abroad and perceived demagogues at home.
"Our peaceful trading partners are not our enemies; they are our allies," then-President Ronald Reagansaidin 1988, after signing a free trade agreement with Canada.
"We should beware of the demagogues who are ready to declare a trade war against our friends -- weakening our economy, our national security, and the entire free world -- all while cynically waving the American flag," Reagan added.
The elder Bush, who had served as Reagan's vice president, adopted a similar posture toward trade.
As president, George H.W. Bush sought to improve trade ties with China, and he helped establish the World Trade Organization, an international body that aims to facilitate global trade through a shared set of regulations.
In the early 1990s, Bush negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, a trade pact between the U.S., Mexico and Canada.
"Free trade throughout the Americas is an idea whose time has come," Bushsaidat a ceremony promoting NAFTA in December 1992.
"This century's epic struggle between totalitarianism and democracy is over. It's dead. Democracy has prevailed," he added. "Today, we see unfolding around the world a revolution of hope and courage, propelled by the aspiration of ordinary people for freedom and a better life."
The deal was ratified under Bush's successor, President Bill Clinton, a Democrat.
During his first presidential campaign in 2016, Trump sharply criticized NAFTA, which had drawn criticism for allowing manufacturers to relocate plants abroad and lay off U.S. workers.
Weeks before the 2016 presidential election, Trump described NAFTA as "the single worst trade deal ever approved in this country."
Like Reagan and his father, George W. Bush voiced support for free trade while in office. Since then, he has continued to back global commerce and oppose trade barriers.
"Since World War II, America has encouraged and benefited from the global advance of free markets, from the strength of democratic alliances, and from the advance of free societies," George W. Bushsaidin 2017.
"Free nations are less likely to threaten and fight each other. And free trade helped make America into a global economic power," George W. Bush added.
Despite their rhetoric, Trump's predecessors within the Republican Party put forward some policies that resembled his proposals this week.
Reagan slapped 45% tariffs on Japanese motorcycles, and 100% tariffs on some Japanese electronics, seeking to counter that nation's economic rise and bolster domestic industry. Reagan also placed an annual quota on the allowable number of imported Japanese cars.
"There was a huge gap between rhetoric and reality," Hanke, the former Reagan administration economist, told ABC News.
For his part, George W. Bush attempted to protect the U.S. steel industry by placing tariffs on some steel imports. Facing pushback from the World Trade Organization and threats of retaliation from other countries, he removed the tariffs after 18 months.
